NEW JERSEY (VINnews/Sandy Eller) – A taste of Antarctica is heading our way in the form of two highly anticipated COVID vaccines, one of which will need to be kept at temperatures nearly 100 degrees below zero in order to ensure its effectiveness.

As previously reported on VIN News, Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech announced on November 9th that clinical trials have shown that its vaccine may be 90 percent effective at preventing coronavirus.

According to NPR (https://n.pr/2KhmxJA), the Pfizer vaccine triggers the necessary immune response through the use of a single stranded RNA molecule that is extremely fragile and is considerably more stable at lower temperatures. Currently, Pfizer is recommending that the vaccines be stored at -94̊ Fahrenheit and has said that it can be safely frozen in a specialty freezer for up to six months, providing that the freezer is opened no more than twice a day and kept open for less than one minute each time.

Keeping COVID vaccines at temperatures lower than that of an Antarctic winter day definitely presents certain challenges. Pfizer has designed custom packaging for the vaccines which hold five trays of vaccines and are kept ultra cold by blocks of dry ice which need to be refreshed every five days, for up to 15 days, a boon to those who lack specialized freezers that can maintain the required temperatures.

Another COVID vaccine has been developed by Moderna and is believed to be 94.5 percent effective at preventing coronavirus. The Moderna vaccine can be stored at the less frigid temperature of -4̊ Fahrenheit, making it a potentially better candidate for places that are not able to provide super cold storage, including hospitals in rural areas or those with fewer financial resources. Having already developed ten other vaccines using the same RNA particles, Moderna has had the time to analyze the effects of warmer temperatures on the vaccine, while Pfizer’s lack of prior experience in this particular arena requires its vaccine to be kept significantly colder to preserve its integrity.

The formulations of both vaccines are not publicly available, making it difficult for comparisons between the two to explain the difference in storage temperatures, noted vaccine researcher Margaret Liu, board chairman at the International Society for Vaccines.

“It just comes down to what their data is,” said Liu. “If their data shows that it’s more stable at a certain temperature, that’s it.”

The Pfizer COVID vaccine isn’t the first to require astonishingly cold temperatures with an Ebola vaccine used in several African countries also requiring similar conditions. According to Science Magazine (https://bit.ly/32PiF8Y), those vaccines were kept cold in high tech Arktek reusable thermoses, which retail for approximately $2,000 each.

“I see the Arktek being valuable anywhere where you want the vaccines to stay cold for days or weeks without a freezer,” said Daniel Lieberman, a mechanical engineer with Seattle’s Global Health Labs, which is ready to increase production on the units.

While both vaccines have very specific temperature requirements for transportation and storage, they have less rigid guidelines for their actual distribution. The Pfizer vaccine can be refrigerated for five days, while the Moderna vaccine keeps for 30 days in the refrigerator and can be kept at room temperature for up to 12 hours.